Jihad Pharaon Law Office in DamascusARENFR
Syrian LawJihad Pharaon Law Office in Damascus
Practice areas

Commercial Disputes and Enforcement in Syria

Dispute strategy should connect evidence, jurisdiction, timing and recoverability from the beginning—not only after a judgment or award is obtained.

Tell us about your project

Explore this practice area

We assess claims and defences, preserve the procedural position, coordinate with foreign counsel and plan enforcement against identifiable assets. Early review can expose documentary gaps, service issues and economic risks.

First planning questions

  • What evidence proves the claim or defence?
  • Which court, arbitration or negotiated route is available?
  • Are assets identifiable and is enforcement commercially proportionate?

Who this practice serves

We assist foreign and Syrian companies, shareholders, suppliers, distributors, lenders and external counsel where a dispute, debtor or relevant asset is connected with Syria. The work may begin before proceedings, during a Syrian case, after a local judgment or when a foreign judgment or arbitral award may require recognition and enforcement. Early instructions are valuable because the legal merits, procedural route and realistic recovery outcome are different questions and must be assessed together.

Mandates, strategy and exclusions

Common mandates include early case assessment, formal notices, settlement strategy, commercial litigation, debt recovery, interim-measure analysis and enforcement planning. We also review the Syrian dimension of foreign judgments and arbitral awards. No responsible assessment can guarantee success, timing or recovery before examining jurisdiction, service, finality, limitation, public-policy issues and the debtor’s assets. Criminal complaints, insolvency, sanctions, tax or proceedings outside Syria require separate analysis and, where necessary, other qualified counsel.

Evidence and cross-border coordination

A useful file contains executed contracts and amendments, governing-law and dispute clauses, invoices, delivery evidence, account statements, notices, correspondence and a dated chronology. Electronic material should be preserved in its original form with information showing authorship and transmission. For a foreign judgment or award, counsel may also require certified copies, proof of finality, service records, the arbitration agreement and legalisation and translation. We coordinate these items with foreign counsel before avoidable gaps become an enforcement objection.

Timing, assets and commercial proportionality

Deadlines may arise from limitation rules, appeal periods, service requirements, contractual notice clauses or a risk that assets will move. The route also depends on where the debtor and assets are located and whether protective measures are legally available. A strong legal claim may still be a poor commercial recovery if assets are unknown, encumbered or costly to pursue. Strategy should therefore compare negotiation, proceedings and enforcement costs against the amount, evidence, debtor response and realistic asset position, with urgent dates recorded at the outset.

From intake to continuing support

Triage and conflicts

Identify all parties, urgent deadlines, the requested remedy and any need to preserve evidence or a procedural position.

Merits and recovery review

Test jurisdiction, applicable documents, available defences, quantum and identifiable assets before choosing the route.

Action plan

Set out notices, negotiation, filing, protective steps and responsibility for translations, powers and foreign evidence.

Reporting and enforcement

Track procedural events, settlement authority, costs and enforcement options through concise written updates.

Helpful initial documents

  • Executed contracts, amendments and dispute clauses
  • Invoices, delivery records and account statements
  • Notices, correspondence and settlement communications
  • Chronology, claimed amounts and loss calculations
  • Corporate authorities and litigation power of attorney
  • Judgments, awards, service records and known assets

Legal services

Legal guides

Frequently asked questions

Should we send a demand before filing a case?

Often a documented demand is useful, but not automatically. Counsel should first consider limitation, contractual notice rules, evidence, settlement objectives and any risk that advance warning could affect assets or urgent relief.

Is winning the case the same as recovering the money?

No. Liability and recoverability are distinct. The debtor’s assets, competing claims, enforcement costs and procedural resistance can affect the practical value of a judgment or award.

Can Syrian counsel work with the lawyers who obtained a foreign award?

Yes. Early coordination helps assemble the arbitration agreement, certified award, proof of service and finality, translations and other material required to assess recognition and enforcement in Syria.

Written and reviewed by Jihad Pharaon

Syrian business, contracts and intellectual-property lawyer; member of the Damascus Bar Association since 1997.

Professional profile →

Last reviewed: 9 September 2026

This guide provides general information only. The applicable route depends on the facts, current law and a formal engagement.

Tell us about your project

Tell us about your project